嵌齿象类在早-中中新世的扩散模式和组合特征。 中科院古脊椎所 供图
王世骐称,此次研究不但总结了临夏盆地嵌齿象类的演化支系、演化序列及其生物年代学意义,也是嵌齿象类在早-中中新世全球扩散模式的提炼和总结。
他介绍说,嵌齿象类是长颌的丘型乳齿象,中间颊齿有3个齿脊,它自2000万-1900万年前的早中新世从非洲进入欧亚大陆,迅速在全球扩散,在这一过程中产生了单系的豕棱齿象科、铲齿象科和并系的嵌齿象科3个支系,后者为真象的基干类群。这3类嵌齿象主要以下颌和门齿的形态相区别,反映出它们不同的取食方式及适应不同生存环境。
甘肃临夏盆地具有比较完整的、约1900万-1300万年前早中新世晚期-中中新世(除最晚期)的连续地层,其中发现3科4属共8种嵌齿象类化石,为中国同期地层中嵌齿象类多样性最高的地区之一,包括豕棱齿象科的广河“豕棱齿象”;铲齿象科的短吻“原直齿象”、维曼“原直齿象”、同心铲齿象、格氏铲齿象;“嵌齿象科”的窄齿嵌齿象相似种、意外嵌齿象、塔氏嵌齿象。
王世骐指出,对临夏盆地嵌齿象类化石,研究团队揭示出多项专业分类问题,并依据其演化水平将嵌齿象从下至上分为3个组合:
一是最下部的古城动物群包括广河“豕棱齿象”、短吻“原直齿象”、窄齿嵌齿象相似种、意外嵌齿象4种嵌齿象类,可与南亚2000万-1800万年前、非洲1800万-1700万年前地点的嵌齿象组合对比,辅以古城动物群的小哺乳组合,将其时代定为1900万-1800年前。
二是中部的石那奴动物群包括维曼“原直齿象”、同心铲齿象、意外嵌齿象、塔氏嵌齿象4种组合,它们与一些非洲和欧洲早-中中新世之交的动物群有一些相同成分,辅以石那奴动物群的小哺乳组合,将其时代定为1700万-1500万年前,恰对应于中中新气候适宜期。
三是最上部的曾家-老沟动物群仅包括格氏铲齿象和塔氏嵌齿象两种,依据该动物群其他大小哺乳动物组合,将其时代定为1500万-1300万年前,对应中中新气候转折期。该动物群嵌齿象组合独特(铲齿象占绝大多数),不见于欧洲、非洲、南亚,但与北美稍晚的嵌齿象类有共同成分,包括都具有铲齿象和亚丘型化嵌齿象的组合,这反映出中国与北美动物群在这一时期的密切联系。
王世骐表示,在距今1600万年之后的中中新世,中国北方逐渐出现铲齿象占绝对优势的情形,但铲齿象很少扩散到中国及中亚以外的区域。铲齿象是适宜开阔地带取食草本植物的类群,它的繁盛反映出中国北方及中亚地区由于青藏高原隆升导致开阔生境占据优势的生态特征。此外,北美独有的巨门齿象和真门齿象,虽然缺失下门齿,但它们的颊齿型态可以追溯到中国北方的“原直齿象”属。(完)
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事****** 中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。 资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。 日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。 日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。 事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。 因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。 日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。 《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。 德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。 日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。 国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。 太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。 Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business By John Lee (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year. Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business. The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year. The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public. In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run. Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public. The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution. The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community. The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses. According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan. As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment. However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact. Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad. The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies. If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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